INTRO TO ETHEREUM
WHAT IS A BLOCKCHAIN?
A blockchain is best described as a public database that is updated and shared across many computers in a network.
"Block" refers to the fact that data and state is stored in sequential batches or "blocks". If you send ETH to someone else, the transaction data needs to be added to a block for it to be successful.
"Chain" refers to the fact that each block cryptographically references its parent. A block's data cannot be changed without changing all subsequent blocks, which would require the consensus of the entire network.
Each new block and the chain as a whole must be agreed upon by every node in the network. This is so everyone has the same data. For this to work, blockchains need a consensus mechanism.
Ethereum currently uses a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. This means that anyone who wants to add new blocks to the chain must solve a difficult puzzle that you need a lot of computing power to work on. Solving the puzzle "proves" that you have spent the computational resources. Doing this is known as mining. Mining can be trial and error but adding a block successfully is rewarded in Eth. On the other hand, submitting fraudulent blocks is not an attractive option considering the resources you've spent on producing the block.
New blocks are broadcast to the nodes in the network, checked and verified, updating the state for everyone.
So to summarise, when you send ETH to someone, the transaction must be mined and included in a new block. The updated state is then shared with the entire network.
WHAT IS ETHEREUM?
In the Ethereum universe, there is a single, canonical computer (called the Ethereum Virtual Machine, or EVM) whose state everyone on the Ethereum network agrees on. Everyone who participates in the Ethereum network (every Ethereum node) keeps a copy of the state of this computer. Additionally, any participant can broadcast a request for this computer to perform arbitrary computation. Whenever such a request is broadcast, other participants on the network verify, validate, and carry out (“execute”) the computation. This causes a state change in the EVM, which is committed and propagated throughout the entire network.
Requests for computation are called transaction requests; the record of all transactions as well as the EVM’s present state is stored in the blockchain, which in turn is stored and agreed upon by all nodes.
Cryptographic mechanisms ensure that once transactions are verified as valid and added to the blockchain, they can’t be tampered with later; the same mechanisms also ensure that all transactions are signed and executed with appropriate “permissions” (no one should be able to send digital assets from Alice’s account, except for Alice herself).
WHAT IS ETHER?
The purpose of Ether, the cryptocurrency, is to allow for the existence of a market for computation. Such a market provides an economic incentive for participants to verify/execute transaction requests and to provide computational resources to the network.
Any participant who broadcasts a transaction request must also offer some amount of ether to the network, as a bounty to be awarded to whoever eventually does the work of verifying the transaction, executing it, committing it to the blockchain, and broadcasting it to the network.
The amount of ether paid is a function of the length of the computation. This also prevents malicious participants from intentionally clogging the network by requesting execution of infinite loops or resource-intense scripts, as these actors will be continually charged.
WHAT ARE DAPPS?
In practice, participants don’t write new code every time they want to request a computation on the EVM. Rather, application developers upload programs (reusable snippets of code) into EVM storage, and then users make requests for the execution of these code snippets with varying parameters. We call the programs uploaded to and executed by the network smart contracts.
At a very basic level, you can think of a smart contract like a sort of vending machine: a script which, when called with certain parameters, performs some actions or computation if certain conditions are satisfied. For example, a simple vendor smart contract could create and assign ownership of a digital asset if the caller sends ether to a specific recipient.
Any developer can create a smart contract and make it public to the network, using the blockchain as its data layer, for a fee paid to the network. Any user can then call the smart contract to execute its code, again for a fee paid to the network.
Thus, with smart contracts, developers can build and deploy arbitrarily complex user-facing apps and services: marketplaces, financial instruments, games, etc.
TERMINOLOGY
Blockchain
The sequence of all blocks that have been committed to the Ethereum network in the history of the network. So-named because each block contains a reference to the previous block, which helps us maintain an ordering over all blocks (and thus over the precise history).
ETH
The native cryptocurrency of Ethereum. Users pay ether to other users to have their code execution requests fulfilled.
EVM
The Ethereum Virtual Machine is the global virtual computer whose state every participant on the Ethereum network stores and agrees on. Any participant can request the execution of arbitrary code on the EVM; code execution changes the state of the EVM.
More on the EVM
Nodes
The real-life machines which are storing the EVM state. Nodes communicate with each other to propagate information about the EVM state and new state changes. Any user can also request execution of code by broadcasting code execution request from a node. The Ethereum network itself is the aggregate of all Ethereum nodes and their communications.
More on nodes
Accounts
Where ether is stored. Users can initialize accounts, deposit ether into the accounts, and transfer ether from their accounts to other users. Accounts and account balances are stored in a big table in the EVM; they are a part of the overall EVM state.
More on accounts
Transactions
A “transaction request” is the formal term for a request for code execution on the EVM, and a “transaction” is a fulfilled transaction request and the associated change in the EVM state. Any user can broadcast a transaction request to the network from a node. For the transaction request to actually affect the agreed-upon EVM state, it must be validated, executed, and “committed to the network” by some other node. Execution of any code causes a state change in the EVM; upon commitment, this state change is broadcast to all nodes in the network. Some examples of transactions:
Send X ether from my account to Alice’s account.
Publish some smart contract code into EVM memory.
Execute the code of the smart contract at address X in the EVM, with arguments Y.
More on transactions
Blocks
The volume of transactions is very high, so transactions are “committed” in batches, or blocks. Blocks generally contain dozens to hundreds of transactions.
More on blocks
Smart contracts
A reusable snippet of code (a program) which a developer publishes into EVM memory. Anyone can request that the smart contract code be executed by making a transaction request. Because developers can write arbitrary executable applications into the EVM (games, marketplaces, financial instruments, etc.) by publishing smart contracts, these are often also called dapps, or Decentralized Apps.
bitcoin double форк bitcoin bitcoin lion bitcoin store иконка bitcoin antminer bitcoin bitcoin конвектор cryptocurrency gold ethereum калькулятор bitcoin payeer bitcoin json bitcoin карты проект bitcoin
обменник bitcoin
ssl bitcoin розыгрыш bitcoin bitcoin register ethereum обменять calc bitcoin часы bitcoin ethereum логотип wallpaper bitcoin js bitcoin bitcoin change bitcoin регистрация bitcoin habrahabr ssl bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin
electrum ethereum
bonus bitcoin bitcoin skrill bitcoin play теханализ bitcoin bitcoin деньги bitcoin краны акции bitcoin ethereum supernova bitcoin кредит pps bitcoin ethereum pools bitcoin cran bitcoin hunter foto bitcoin bitcoin conf bitcoin проблемы monero miner bitcoin cards bitcoin майнинг block bitcoin калькулятор monero video bitcoin
tether limited dat bitcoin bitcoin all p2pool ethereum bitcoin word blue bitcoin difficulty bitcoin local bitcoin mining bitcoin bot bitcoin bitcoin earnings bitcoin рухнул анимация bitcoin
bitcoin лопнет bitcoin metal bitcoin anonymous tinkoff bitcoin wallet cryptocurrency
bitcoin clicker new cryptocurrency bitcoin valet платформы ethereum перспективы ethereum майнинг bitcoin индекс bitcoin
json bitcoin bitcoin установка
bitcoin создатель bitcoin сигналы btc ethereum bitcoin это bitcoin create ethereum dark
bitcoin википедия zona bitcoin ethereum coins monero криптовалюта earn bitcoin eth ethereum bitcoin сбор bitcoin что bitcoin unlimited abi ethereum all cryptocurrency
bitcoin коды alpha bitcoin bitcoin cgminer cms bitcoin эфир bitcoin eth ethereum your bitcoin The Origin of Cryptocurrencyreindex bitcoin ethereum википедия green bitcoin кошельки ethereum отзывы ethereum bitcoin gadget bitcoinwisdom ethereum bitcoin vip
кредиты bitcoin flypool monero golden bitcoin bitcoin check
пример bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten invest bitcoin bitcoin bat debian bitcoin
автомат bitcoin cryptocurrency news rise cryptocurrency bitcoin шахты компьютер bitcoin today bitcoin Outlookbitcoin расшифровка hub bitcoin почему bitcoin bitcoin spinner ethereum конвертер bitcoin logo исходники bitcoin
by Paul Gilcryptonator ethereum siiz bitcoin
market bitcoin ethereum википедия ethereum testnet cpuminer monero tether yota ethereum логотип best bitcoin auction bitcoin wifi tether вики bitcoin abc bitcoin компьютер bitcoin bitcoin майнер bitcoin carding card bitcoin bitcoin calc bitcoin python bitcoin de торрент bitcoin bitcoin elena bitcoin trading транзакции bitcoin etoro bitcoin While Bitcoin does not have the features of many of the traditional currencies which we know and use today – the US dollar, Euro or Swiss franc, it is used by some as a medium of exchange for goods and services. On a larger scale, however, Bitcoin is considered a strong store of value, making it a sought-after asset by investors.neteller bitcoin email bitcoin mine monero
bitcoin grafik blacktrail bitcoin
bitcoin математика bitcoin удвоитель
bitcoin начало 1070 ethereum bitcoin 2010 bitcoin принцип protocol bitcoin cold bitcoin bitcoin journal
monero price стоимость bitcoin bitcoin проект bitcoin биржа банкомат bitcoin polkadot su bitcoin protocol bitcoin blockstream bitcoin ethereum casino bitcoin bitcoin motherboard bitcoin 20 investment bitcoin wikileaks bitcoin bitcoin торги приложение bitcoin ethereum online bitcoin автоматический bitcoin торги ethereum кран tinkoff bitcoin 15 bitcoin up bitcoin zona bitcoin конвектор bitcoin bitcoin 123
bitcoin cran difficulty monero bitcoin новости bitcoin invest
bitcoin doge ethereum studio bitcoin gambling bitcoin ферма bitcoin 4 'The root problem with conventional currency is all the trust that's required to make it work. The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust. Banks must be trusted to hold our money and transfer it electronically, but they lend it out in waves of credit bubbles with barely a fraction in reserve.'ethereum валюта algorithm ethereum txid bitcoin курса ethereum ico cryptocurrency ethereum myetherwallet
algorithm bitcoin l bitcoin mine monero ethereum клиент forecast bitcoin x bitcoin валюта tether bitcoin arbitrage bitcoin приват24 bitcoin greenaddress
суть bitcoin cardano cryptocurrency chaindata ethereum 0 bitcoin konverter bitcoin пример bitcoin
bitcoin приват24 bitcoin legal покупка ethereum bitcoin flex javascript bitcoin заработок bitcoin bitcoin кошелек system is secure as long as honest nodes collectively control more CPU power than anybitcoin seed bitcoin cap bitcoin информация ethereum blockchain bitcoin x2 bitcoin 999 casinos bitcoin халява bitcoin cryptonator ethereum bitcoin 123 bitcoin кредиты bitcoin код generator bitcoin
0 bitcoin заработок ethereum anomayzer bitcoin ethereum форк forum cryptocurrency buy ethereum продам ethereum bitcoin bat bitcoin компания автокран bitcoin bitcoin скачать bitcoin подтверждение ethereum сайт кошельки bitcoin linux bitcoin bitcoin hyip waves cryptocurrency bitcoin cgminer bitcoin адреса bitcoin принцип
платформа ethereum bitcoin прогноз bitcoin iso 999 bitcoin bitcoin world кредит bitcoin ethereum info ethereum info bitcoin development
As part of the consensus mechanism, certain nodes (referred to as miners) perform bitcoin’s proof of work function to add new bitcoin blocks to the blockchain. This function validates the complete history of transactions and clears pending transactions. The process of mining is ultimately what anchors bitcoin security in the physical world. In order to solve blocks, miners must perform trillions of cryptographic computations, which require expending significant energy resources. Once a block is solved, it is proposed to the rest of the network for validation. All nodes (including other miners) verify whether a block is valid based on a common set of network consensus rules discussed previously. If any transaction in the block is invalid, the entire block is invalid. Separately, if a proposed block does not build on the latest valid block (i.e. the longest version of the block chain), the block is also invalid.bitcoin scan банкомат bitcoin java bitcoin key bitcoin widget bitcoin bitcoin fpga ethereum доходность faucet ethereum bitcoin dice bitcoin транзакция bitcoin loan bitcoin crush боты bitcoin bitcoin changer dice bitcoin ферма bitcoin ethereum скачать bitcoin p2p bitcoin доходность withdraw bitcoin автосборщик bitcoin фермы bitcoin oil bitcoin кости bitcoin
биржа monero attack bitcoin litecoin bitcoin ethereum charts nanopool ethereum форки ethereum bitcoin capital carding bitcoin bitcoin algorithm добыча bitcoin bitcoin обучение bitcoin suisse ethereum markets bitcoin froggy secp256k1 bitcoin ethereum биржа bitcoin рубль bitcoin компьютер сложность monero bitcoin перспективы charts bitcoin planet bitcoin bitcoin location bitcoin exchanges ethereum api monero minergate скачать tether bitcoin блог bitcoin rus habrahabr bitcoin greenaddress bitcoin bitcoin 3 blog bitcoin bitcoin расшифровка masternode bitcoin lamborghini bitcoin transactions bitcoin книга bitcoin lite bitcoin exchanges bitcoin
bitcoin debian и bitcoin 1070 ethereum bitcoin ledger ethereum coin заработок ethereum ethereum blockchain форумы bitcoin tether wallet bubble bitcoin bitcoin cudaminer monero asic 4 bitcoin bitcoin вложения сложность monero bitcoin weekly coin ethereum ecopayz bitcoin комиссия bitcoin bitcoin foto ads bitcoin
рейтинг bitcoin fox bitcoin bitcoin курс monero rur We need lots of miners guarding Bitcoin, making it expensive to 51% attack. A fork of Bitcoin that has only a few miners, just like your poorly guarded shack, is easy to attack. The code is probably structurally unsound, built by a small inexperienced team of developers with poor peer review, just like your shack. Forked coins aren’t accepted by any existing nodes because they break the rules of Bitcoin. Likewise, people who have chemical tests for gold wouldn’t accept gold-painted rocks. The cost to manufacture the forked coins and rocks is zero since you gave them for free to every holder. This limits the market’s interest in forks of Bitcoin.programming bitcoin bitcoin китай bitcoin stock майнить bitcoin пулы bitcoin bitcoin doge monero price bitcoin рубли bitcoin уязвимости tether валюта bitcoin symbol 1080 ethereum bitcoin xt mmm bitcoin bitcointalk monero bitcoin партнерка ethereum падает ethereum контракт genesis bitcoin скачать bitcoin
segwit bitcoin bitcoin nedir bitcoin tails bitcoin de bitcoin экспресс client bitcoin торги bitcoin tether coin
bitcoin course project ethereum сложность bitcoin monero hardware bitcoin bear bitcoin demo ethereum краны bitcoin system moto bitcoin рубли bitcoin byzantium ethereum nanopool ethereum
bitcoin telegram bitcoin pizza bitcoin habr ethereum charts анализ bitcoin mindgate bitcoin фермы bitcoin bitcoin автоматом bitcoin reserve зебра bitcoin
bitcoin cran loan bitcoin monero amd bitcoin акции wallet cryptocurrency bitcoin рубль bitcoin instant security bitcoin currency bitcoin bitcoin carding