Bit gold
A long time ago I hit upon the idea of bit gold. The problem, in a nutshell, is that our money currently depends on trust in a third party for its value. As many inflationary and hyperinflationary episodes during the 20th century demonstrated, this is not an ideal state of affairs. Similarly, private bank note issue, while it had various advantages as well as disadvantages, similarly depended on a trusted third party.
Precious metals and collectibles have an unforgeable scarcity due to the costliness of their creation. This once provided money the value of which was largely independent of any trusted third party. Precious metals have problems, however. It's too costly to assay metals repeatedly for common transactions. Thus a trusted third party (usually associated with a tax collector who accepted the coins as payment) was invoked to stamp a standard amount of the metal into a coin. Transporting large values of metal can be a rather insecure affair, as the British found when transporting gold across a U-boat infested Atlantic to Canada during World War I to support their gold standard. What's worse, you can't pay online with metal.
Thus, it would be very nice if there were a protocol whereby unforgeably costly bits could be created online with minimal dependence on trusted third parties, and then securely stored, transferred, and assayed with similar minimal trust. Bit gold.
My proposal for bit gold is based on computing a string of bits from a string of challenge bits, using functions called variously "client puzzle function," "proof of work function," or "secure benchmark function.". The resulting string of bits is the proof of work. Where a one-way function is prohibitively difficult to compute backwards, a secure benchmark function ideally comes with a specific cost, measured in compute cycles, to compute backwards.
Here are the main steps of the bit gold system that I envision:
(1) A public string of bits, the "challenge string," is created (see step 5).
(2) Alice on her computer generates the proof of work string from the challenge bits using a benchmark function.
(3) The proof of work is securely timestamped. This should work in a distributed fashion, with several different timestamp services so that no particular timestamp service need be substantially relied on.
(4) Alice adds the challenge string and the timestamped proof of work string to a distributed property title registryfor bit gold. Here, too, no single server is substantially relied on to properly operate the registry.
(5) The last-created string of bit gold provides the challenge bits for the next-created string.
(6) To verify that Alice is the owner of a particular string of bit gold, Bob checks the unforgeable chain of title in the bit gold title registry.
(7) To assay the value of a string of bit gold, Bob checks and verifies the challenge bits, the proof of work string, and the timestamp.
Note that Alice's control over her bit gold does not depend on her sole possession of the bits, but rather on her lead position in the unforgeable chain of title (chain of digital signatures) in the title registry.
All of this can be automated by software. The main limits to the security of the scheme are how well trust can be distributed in steps (3) and (4), and the problem of machine architecture which will be discussed below.
Hal Finney has implemented a variant of bit gold called RPOW (Reusable Proofs of Work). This relies on publishing the computer code for the "mint," which runs on a remote tamper-evident computer. The purchaser of of bit gold can then use remote attestation, which Finney calls the transparent server technique, to verify that a particular number of cycles were actually performed.
The main problem with all these schemes is that proof of work schemes depend on computer architecture, not just an abstract mathematics based on an abstract "compute cycle." (I wrote about this obscurely several years ago.) Thus, it might be possible to be a very low cost producer (by several orders of magnitude) and swamp the market with bit gold. However, since bit gold is timestamped, the time created as well as the mathematical difficulty of the work can be automatically proven. From this, it can usually be inferred what the cost of producing during that time period was.
Unlike fungible atoms of gold, but as with collector's items, a large supply during a given time period will drive down the value of those particular items. In this respect "bit gold" acts more like collector's items than like gold. However, the match between this ex post market and the auction determining the initial value might create a very substantial profit for the "bit gold miner" who invents and deploys an optimized computer architecture.
Thus, bit gold will not be fungible based on a simple function of, for example, the length of the string. Instead, to create fungible units dealers will have to combine different-valued pieces of bit gold into larger units of approximately equal value. This is analogous to what many commodity dealers do today to make commodity markets possible. Trust is still distributed because the estimated values of such bundles can be independently verified by many other parties in a largely or entirely automated fashion.
In summary, all money mankind has ever used has been insecure in one way or another. This insecurity has been manifested in a wide variety of ways, from counterfeiting to theft, but the most pernicious of which has probably been inflation. Bit gold may provide us with a money of unprecedented security from these dangers. The potential for initially hidden supply gluts due to hidden innovations in machine architecture is a potential flaw in bit gold, or at least an imperfection which the initial auctions and ex post exchanges of bit gold will have to address.
bitcoin portable эфир bitcoin ethereum статистика bitcoin tx minergate ethereum bitcoin yandex ethereum cryptocurrency keyhunter bitcoin bitcoin icons
geth ethereum
партнерка bitcoin котировки bitcoin ethereum web3 bistler bitcoin bitcoin котировки bitcoin koshelek How does blockchain work?bitcoin цена bitcoin nachrichten monero minergate poloniex monero bitcoin easy bitcoin cms adbc bitcoin download bitcoin ann monero android tether cryptocurrency price flash bitcoin майнинга bitcoin raiden ethereum cubits bitcoin bitcoin converter erc20 ethereum bitcoin crane видеокарты ethereum
bitcoin x bitcoin калькулятор bitcoin кранов weekend bitcoin bitcoin laundering bitcoin eu However, Bitcoin, in typical bullet-biting fashion, selects the less palatable of the two choices — capped supply and a fee market — in order to obtain a trait its users find desirable: genuine, unimpeachable scarcity. Whether it will work is to be determined; Bitcoin will have to grow its transaction volume and transactors will have to remain comfortable paying for block space in perpetuity. The most comprehensive take on how fees might develop comes from Dan Held.bitcoin telegram swarm ethereum капитализация bitcoin sha256 bitcoin
ethereum стоимость china bitcoin fpga bitcoin bitcoin yen bitcoin suisse фермы bitcoin
bitcoin value bitcoin ферма
accepts bitcoin bitcoin status Note: API (application programming interface) is a set of rules that enables an interaction of a system with users. While a protocol is a set of rules that enables an interaction of a system with its own components. E.g. a user makes a request for sending money, API passes it to the system which with the help of a cryptographic protocol assembles the whole transaction from a number of components and fulfills the transferring function. Voi La, the funds are sent.Turning energy into hashes crystallizes valuebitcoin продать boom bitcoin bitcoin apk ethereum перспективы autobot bitcoin miningpoolhub ethereum pplns monero claymore monero genesis bitcoin bitcoin алгоритм wifi tether bitcoin land laundering bitcoin 100 bitcoin ethereum coin bitcoin calc
робот bitcoin bitcoin python love bitcoin bitcoin онлайн keys bitcoin monero simplewallet скачать bitcoin avto bitcoin форумы bitcoin The Most Liked Findingspoloniex ethereum Providing a decentralized alternative to tech platforms has challenges. While services like Amazon Web Services (AWS) stores petabytes of data to support the operation of thousands of applications, the Ethereum network once experienced performance issues due to a single app called CryptoKitties, which essentially lets users trade digital cats. To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.ethereum plasma bitcoin office bitcoin capitalization bitcoin bloomberg nova bitcoin bitcoin вирус bitcoin co bitcoin income new bitcoin config bitcoin bitcoin ebay bitcoin роботы bitcoin сокращение bitcoin symbol nanopool monero bitcoin banks bitcoin lion bitcoin bcc satoshi bitcoin monero rub
суть bitcoin ethereum casino
calculator ethereum
bitcoin exe bitcoin price bitcoin coinmarketcap
block bitcoin bitcoin neteller яндекс bitcoin bitcoin rpg bitcoin торговать tera bitcoin monero новости bitcoin история poloniex ethereum выводить bitcoin bitcoin metal
bitcoin evolution anomayzer bitcoin bitcoin xt
ethereum кошелек bitcoin fun bitcoin pools bitcoin расчет bitcoin 2 будущее ethereum ethereum обмен bitcoin adress bitcoin telegram
bitcoin теханализ bitcoin rub up bitcoin подтверждение bitcoin monero краны planet bitcoin bitcoin knots ethereum форум биржи ethereum secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin poker bitcoin minecraft bitcoin check новости bitcoin дешевеет bitcoin bitcoin rate dat bitcoin ethereum получить хардфорк bitcoin bank bitcoin
bitcoin future konvert bitcoin
миксер bitcoin bestexchange bitcoin double bitcoin bitcoin future raspberry bitcoin bitcoin qr This split followed a 2016 system manipulation that saw the theft of $50 million worth of Ether. Some wanted to change the protocol in order to make the stolen money useless while others wanted to stick with the original protocols, claiming the money was taken using a loophole in the protocol. This fork is referred to as the DAO Event after the Distributed Autonomous Organization (DAO) that the cryptocurrency was stolen from.debian bitcoin all bitcoin monero ann bitcoin blog доходность ethereum bitcoin знак bitcoin script калькулятор monero r bitcoin 10000 bitcoin
bistler bitcoin обновление ethereum bitcoin apk blogspot bitcoin bitcoin программа cryptocurrency wallet bitcoin в day bitcoin bitcoin безопасность video bitcoin кредит bitcoin вложения bitcoin field bitcoin яндекс bitcoin conference bitcoin
обзор bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрировать json bitcoin
ethereum прибыльность bitcoin s
monero coin geth ethereum bitcoin команды падение ethereum monero windows bitcoin nodes bitcoin часы
kurs bitcoin rinkeby ethereum bitcoin lurkmore hack bitcoin bitcoin x2 takara bitcoin transactions bitcoin This decade saw the rise of the Crypto Wars, in which the US Government attempted to stifle the spread of strong commercial encryption.капитализация ethereum carding bitcoin bitcoin linux bitcoin prosto bitcoin png bitcoin блог metropolis ethereum dapps ethereum bitcoin trojan ethereum algorithm bitcoin cache monero криптовалюта qiwi bitcoin
ethereum динамика
падение bitcoin
bitcoin grafik bitcoin cli homestead ethereum видео bitcoin bitcoin trade phoenix bitcoin doubler bitcoin bitcoin security bitcoin roulette currency bitcoin bitcoin rub
bitcoin код
bitcoin exe bitcoin кранов locate bitcoin bitcoin global
registration bitcoin rx470 monero bitcoin tools
wordpress bitcoin карты bitcoin Ultimately public blockchains that have no single steward that is responsible for resolving disputes have to face these problems of Theseus. So the option on the right is a painful one. But again, it is a tradeoff that Bitcoin is happy to make.We hope you stay.вики bitcoin bitcoin example асик ethereum bitcoin магазины полевые bitcoin криптовалюта tether bitcoin игры ico cryptocurrency bitcoin spinner monero биржи bitcoin вклады приложение tether flappy bitcoin mikrotik bitcoin ubuntu bitcoin
яндекс bitcoin
биржа monero To get a clear look at the strategies we described above, we’ll used the example of a $50,000 investment in the blockchain economy.bitcoin bitrix bitcoin foundation bitcoin world ethereum russia bitcoin часы bitcoin future видеокарты ethereum bitcoin surf бесплатный bitcoin котировка bitcoin bitcoin girls bitcoin venezuela monero форум бесплатные bitcoin bitcoin favicon bounty bitcoin bitcoin valet secp256k1 ethereum bitcoin node bitcoin shops chvrches tether сша bitcoin wechat bitcoin кран ethereum bitcoin wmx bitcoin compromised разделение ethereum tether mining short bitcoin script bitcoin gui monero billionaire bitcoin bitcoin future
bitcoin ether nonce bitcoin bitcoin talk currency bitcoin mining ethereum
cfd bitcoin bitcoin bux api bitcoin monero майнить moneypolo bitcoin Source: Binance Research, modified from the original work of Li, X., Jiang, P. et al (2018).ethereum описание ssl bitcoin фото bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin greenaddress Ether, like Bitcoin, is given to individuals who help support the platform by providing computing power from privately owned servers or cloud space. This process is referred to as ‘Mining’. Unlike Bitcoin, the yield of the mining activity does not change with the amount of Ether in circulation and there is no limit on how much Ether that can be created or mined.cryptocurrency trading kupit bitcoin ecopayz bitcoin bitcoin conf algorithm ethereum p2pool monero bitcoin алгоритм dark bitcoin продать ethereum ethereum news ethereum биткоин ico monero reward bitcoin технология bitcoin lucky bitcoin работа bitcoin boom bitcoin bitcoin song cudaminer bitcoin bitcoin 4 q bitcoin bitcoin mempool jax bitcoin bitcoin серфинг bitcoin video
bitcoin blockstream bitcoin golden bitcoin asic nubits cryptocurrency Staking is a concept in the Delegated proof of stake coins, closely resembling pooled mining of proof of work coins. According to the proof of share principle, instead of computing powers, the partaking users are pooling their stakes, certain amounts of money, blocked on their wallets and delegated to the pool’s staking balance.bitcoin вконтакте bitcoin average avalon bitcoin ethereum перевод bitcoin видеокарты bitcoin usb
litecoin bitcoin bazar bitcoin bitcoin зарегистрироваться
email bitcoin cryptocurrency arbitrage bitcoin софт bitcoin блокчейн de bitcoin bitcoin instagram использование bitcoin bitcoin torrent bitcoin описание bitcoin магазины обновление ethereum
maining bitcoin ethereum homestead bitcoin новости fake bitcoin bitcoin nvidia polkadot cadaver fasterclick bitcoin panda bitcoin bitcoin мошенники bitcoin окупаемость
wallet tether bitcoin 4 bitcoin скачать claim bitcoin пицца bitcoin bitcoin doge bitcoin компьютер bitcoin future api bitcoin ethereum сбербанк вывод monero alien bitcoin registration bitcoin bitcoin книга genesis bitcoin bitcoin прогнозы bitcoin now bitcoin preev bitcoin это
bitcoin system bitcoin elena bitcoin автор bitcoin people usa bitcoin cms bitcoin vps bitcoin bitcoin grant
эфириум ethereum store bitcoin the ethereum ethereum pools secp256k1 ethereum konverter bitcoin bitcoin 3 ethereum проблемы bitcoin reserve microsoft bitcoin bitcoin cranes ethereum заработок bitcoin maps forecast bitcoin bank bitcoin оплата bitcoin майнер ethereum monero rur 999 bitcoin bitcoin tools connect bitcoin bitcoin проверить
forum ethereum bitcoin новости ethereum алгоритм bitcoin рост boxbit bitcoin bitcoin get bitcoin qazanmaq скачать bitcoin bitcoin проблемы bitcoin withdraw bitcoin символ bitcoin icon торговать bitcoin bitcoin database bitcoin fun
bitcoin evolution
generation bitcoin solidity ethereum ico cryptocurrency golden bitcoin cryptocurrency charts autobot bitcoin nicehash monero ann monero bitcoin pools etoro bitcoin капитализация bitcoin bitcoin nodes bitrix bitcoin заработок ethereum bitcoin прогноз alien bitcoin логотип ethereum lootool bitcoin
tether android конференция bitcoin bitcoin joker
криптовалюта monero average bitcoin казино ethereum bitcoin paypal api bitcoin opencart bitcoin qtminer ethereum bitcoin бумажник purse bitcoin ethereum клиент rates bitcoin bitcoin poker ethereum покупка видеокарты bitcoin bitcoin tools ethereum miners bitcoin комментарии bitcoin часы bitcoin проверка bitcoin инвестирование difficulty monero preev bitcoin bitcoin даром майн ethereum abi ethereum ethereum стоимость bitcoin start верификация tether проекты bitcoin bitcoin paypal bitcoin казахстан
вклады bitcoin monero logo bitcoin world bitcoin plus bitcoin invest
bitcoin cny bitcoin daemon расшифровка bitcoin chain bitcoin bitcoin uk faucet cryptocurrency bitcoin доходность Some proposed characteristics of a DAO include:Log series: archived and indexable checkpoints of the virtual machine’s code execution.By starting to mine or acquire bitcoins today, you too can become an early adopter.bear bitcoin Bitcoins are not printed/minted. Instead, blocks are computed by miners and for their efforts they are awarded a specific amount of bitcoins and transaction fees paid by others. See Mining for more information on how this process works. 'These proceedings may at first seem strange and difficult, but like all other steps which we have already passed over, will in a little time become familiar and agreeable: and until an independance is declared, the Continent will feel itself like a man who continues putting off some unpleasant business from day to day, yet knows it must be done, hates to set about it, wishes it over, and is continually haunted with the thoughts of its necessity.' – Thomas Paine, Common SenseBitcoin, Not Blockchainbest bitcoin genesis bitcoin банкомат bitcoin
bitcoin eobot homestead ethereum bitcoin значок
bitcoin betting future bitcoin check bitcoin chain bitcoin bitcoin pps bitcoin cudaminer eos cryptocurrency bitcoin fpga nxt cryptocurrency
nova bitcoin testnet bitcoin 4) Secure: Cryptocurrency funds are locked in a public key cryptography system. Only the owner of the private key can send cryptocurrency. Strong cryptography and the magic of big numbers make it impossible to break this scheme. A Bitcoin address is more secure than Fort Knox.tether android